Tubular and glomerular biomarkers of renal tissue function in the urine of fetuses with posterior urethral valves.

INTRODUCTION: Posterior urethral valve (PUV) is a congenital malformation characterized by a membranous structure located in the prostatic portion of the male posterior urethra that obstructs the urinary flow. Efforts have been made to determine the degree of impairment of fetal kidney function in this condition. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to measure the levels of urinary biomarkers of glomerular and tubular functions in fetuses with PUV and to compare with the levels of the same molecules in healthy male premature newborns. STUDY DESIGN: Urine samples from 43 fetuses with PUVs were collected and compared with urine samples from 40 healthy male newborns of the same gestational age (controls). Tubular and glomerular biomarkers levels were measured in urine samples by MILLIPLEX® assay kits. Levels of the molecules were related to creatinine (Cr) measurements at same urine samples and expressed as pg/mg Cr. Results were analysed with Graphpad Prism version 7.0 and SPSS version 20.0. RESULTS: Fetuses with PUV showed a significant reduction in urine levels of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Calbindin, Osteoactivin, Molecule Renal Injury 1 (KIM-1 and Factor of trefoil 3 (TFF-3) when compared to controls. On the other hand, urine levels of cystatin C and renin were higher in PUV fetuses. The levels of molecules also differed according to urine osmolality and grade of hydronephrosis. DISCUSSION: Some urinary excreted molecules may indicate kidney damage in several segments along the nephron, while others may exert important functions. Mechanical and immunological mechanisms related to PUV might significantly modulate the synthesis of cytokines related to glomerular and tubular physiology, leading to alterations in urinary concentrations of those molecules. These biomarkers can be used as future diagnostic and prognostic markers in clinical practice. CONCLUSION: Early kidney structural and functional impairment influenced the synthesis of glomerular and tubular molecules related to kidney physiological processes in fetuses with PUV.

Uromodulin: a new biomarker of fetal renal function?

INTRODUCTION: Obstructive uropathies are main diseases affecting the fetus. Early diagnosis allows to establish the appropriate therapy to minimize the risk of damage to kidney function at birth. Biochemical markers have been used to predict the prognosis of renal function in fetuses. Uromodulin, also known by Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) is exclusively produced in the kidneys and in normal conditions is the protein excreted in larger amounts in human urine. It plays important roles in kidneys and urinary tract. Also it participates in ion transport processes, interact with various components of the immune system and has a role in defense against urinary tract infections. Moreover, this protein was proved to be a good marker of renal function in adult patients with several renal diseases. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if uromodulin is produced and eliminated by the kidneys during fetal life by analyzing fetal urine and amniotic fluid and to establish correlation with biochemical parameter of renal function already used in Fetal Medicine Center at the Clinic Hospital of UFMG (CEMEFE/HC). METHODS: Between 2013 and 2015, were selected 29 fetuses with indication of invasive tests for fetal diagnosis in monitoring at the CEMEFE/HC. RESULTS: The determination of uromodulin was possible and measurable in all samples and showed statistically significant correlation with the osmolarity. CONCLUSION: There was a tendency of lower levels of Uromodulin values in fetuses with severe renal impairment prenatally. Thus, high levels of this protein in fetal amniotic fluid or fetal urine dosages possibly mean kidney function preserved.

Uromodulin: a new biomarker of fetal renal function? / Uromodulina: um novo biomarcador de função renal fetal?

Abstract Introduction: Obstructive uropathies are main diseases affecting the fetus. Early diagnosis allows to establish the appropriate therapy to minimize the risk of damage to kidney function at birth. Biochemical markers have been used to predict the prognosis of renal function in fetuses. Uromodulin, also known by Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) is exclusively produced in the kidneys and in normal conditions is the protein excreted in larger amounts in human urine. It plays important roles in kidneys and urinary tract. Also it participates in ion transport processes, interact with various components of the immune system and has a role in defense against urinary tract infections. Moreover, this protein was proved to be a good marker of renal function in adult patients with several renal diseases. Objective: To evaluate if uromodulin is produced and eliminated by the kidneys during fetal life by analyzing fetal urine and amniotic fluid and to establish correlation with biochemical parameter of renal function already used in Fetal Medicine Center at the Clinic Hospital of UFMG (CEMEFE/HC). Methods: Between 2013 and 2015, were selected 29 fetuses with indication of invasive tests for fetal diagnosis in monitoring at the CEMEFE/HC. Results: The determination of uromodulin was possible and measurable in all samples and showed statistically significant correlation with the osmolarity. Conclusion: There was a tendency of lower levels of Uromodulin values in fetuses with severe renal impairment prenatally. Thus, high levels of this protein in fetal amniotic fluid or fetal urine dosages possibly mean kidney function preserved.

Resumo Introdução: Uropatias obstrutivas estão entre as principais doenças que acometem o feto. O diagnóstico precoce destas doenças permite estabelecer a terapêutica adequada, visando minimizar os riscos de danos à função renal no nascimento. Os marcadores bioquímicos têm sido utilizados na predição do prognóstico da função renal em fetos. A uromodulina, também chamada de proteína de Tamm-Horsfall (THP), é produzida exclusivamente nos rins, e em condições normais, é a proteína excretada em maior volume na urina humana. Ela desempenha importantes funções nos rins e trato urinário. Participa dos processos de transporte de íons, interage com vários componentes do sistema imunológico e possui papel na defesa contra infecções do trato urinário. Além disso, se mostrou um bom biomarcador de função renal em adultos portadores de diversas doenças renais. Objetivos: Avaliar se a uromodulina é produzida e eliminada pelos rins durante a vida fetal através da análise de urina fetal e líquido amniótico, além de estabelecer correlação com o parâmetro bioquímico de função renal já utilizado no Centro de Medicina Fetal do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG (CEMEFE/HC). Métodos: Entre 2013 e 2015, foram selecionados 29 fetos com indicação de exames invasivos para diagnóstico fetal em acompanhamento no CEMEFE/HC. Resultados: A dosagem da uromodulina foi possível e quantificável em todas as amostras e mostrou correlação significativa com a osmolaridade. Conclusão: A uromodulina mostrou uma tendência em apresentar valores reduzidos em fetos com grave comprometimento renal no pré-natal. Assim, valores elevados desta proteína em dosagens de urina fetal ou líquido amniótico podem significar uma função renal preservada.

Prediction of lethal pulmonary hypoplasia by means fetal lung volume in skeletal dysplasias: a three-dimensional ultrasound assessment.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the capacity of three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) for predicting lethality in fetuses with skeletal dysplasia. METHODS: Twenty-four fetuses between 20 and 32 weeks of gestation were assessed. Bilateral lung volume scans were performed three times in each fetus during one ultrasound session. The virtual organ computer-aided analysis method was used to obtain a sequence of six sections of each lung around a fixed axis, and a rotation angle of 30° was adopted. Fetal lung volume measurements were analyzed according to the reference range. After birth, lung hypoplasia was diagnosed considering clinical and radiological criteria. RESULTS: Of all cases of skeletal dysplasia, 18 (75%) were lethal. Among the lethal cases, after postnatal diagnosis, four were osteogenesis imperfecta type II, three were thanatophoric dysplasia and two were campomelic dysplasia. The remaining nine cases remained without a definitive diagnosis. The accuracy of 3DUS in predicting lethality in fetuses with skeletal dysplasia was high, with a sensitivity of 83.3%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100% and negative predictive value of 66.7%. The kappa index of 0.174 showed a good agreement between the possibility of lethality when the 3DUS volume measurement was altered and real lethality after birth (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the 3DUS lung volume measurement is a good predictor of lethal pulmonary hypoplasia in fetuses with skeletal dysplasia, with high accuracy.

Resposta materno-fetal resultante da prática de exercício físico durante a gravidez: uma revisão sistemática / Maternal-fetal response resulting from the practice of physical exercise during pregnancy: a systematic review

Introdução: a gravidez determina modificações adaptativas locais e sistêmicas, com o objetivo principal de promover o crescimento e o desenvolvimento fetal. Essas adaptações são fisiológicas e ocorrem em reação à presença do concepto e seus tecidos, modulados pela ação crescente de vários hormônios trofoblásticos/ placentários, fetais e maternos. A despeito dessas adaptações fisiológicas, as grávidas beneficiam-se do exercício físico regular. Entretanto, ainda existem controvérsias tanto em relação à realização do exercício físico regular na gestação quanto ao risco fetal imposto pelos exercícios. Objetivos: realizar pesquisa bibliográfica sobre as alterações fisiológicas e exercícios físicos na gravidez bem como a resposta fetal aos seus efeitos. Metodologia: revisão sistematizada abordando as alterações fisiológicas e exercícios físicos na gravidez, desde a década de 80 até os dias atuais. Resultados: houve significativo aumento da FC (frequência cardíaca) fetal após o protocolo de exercícios sem ocorrer sofrimento fetal (SF). Porém, quando a FC materna ultrapassou os 140 bpm houve SF. Conclusão: a prática de exercícios físicos na intensidade moderada (até 140 bpm de FC materna) parece benéfica para a mãe e o feto em gestações não complicadas.

Introduction: pregnancy determines adaptive systemic and local modifications, with the main objective to promote fetal growth and development. These are physiological adaptations and occur in reaction to the presence of a fetus and his tissues, modulated by the enhanced action of several trophoblastic/placental, fetal, and maternal hormones. In spite of these physiological adaptations, pregnant women benefit from regular exercise. However, there are still controversies, both in relation to the practice of regular exercise during pregnancy and fetal risk imposed by exercises. Objectives: to carry out a bibliographic research on the physiological alterations and physical exercise in pregnancy and fetal responses to its effects. Methodology: a systematic review addressed physiological alterations and physical exercises in pregnancy, from the 80s to the present. Results: there was significant increase in fetal HR (heart rate) after the protocol of exercises without fetal distress (SF). However, when the maternal HR exceeded 140 bpm, SF happened. Conclusion: the practice of physical exercise at moderate intensity (up to 140 bpm of maternal HR) seems beneficial to the mother and fetus in non-complicated pregnancies.

Cobertura vacinal dos adolescentes da área de abrangência do centro de saúde cachoeirinha na região nordeste de Belo Horizonte-MG / Vaccination coverage among adolescents in the areas surrounding the Cachoeirinha health center in the northeastern region of Belo Horizonte-MG

Introdução: a vacinação na adolescência desperta crescente interesse científico, devido à vulnerabilidade dessa faixa etária a inúmeras doenças preveníveis, como algumas doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, com impacto significativo na morbimortalidade, por isto incluída no Programa Nacional de Imunização. Objetivo: verificar a influência dessa açãoem uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS), a partir da análise do cartão de vacina, de acordo com o Ministério da Saúde, e do nível de conhecimento dos adolescentes e responsáveis para com essas doenças preveníveis. Métodos: foi feito inquérito domiciliar selecionando-se população de adolescentes e/ou seus responsáveis, da área de abrangência de uma UBS na região nordeste de Belo Horizonte-MG. Usou amostra aleatória simples e a investigação foi realizada com 210 adolescentes. Resultados: a faixa etária predominante foi de 15 a 19 anos (55,23%), correspondendo aos jovens que responderam o questionário. Os responsáveis participantes totalizaram 149 entrevistados. A cobertura vacinal definida pelo cartão do adolescente mostrou que 39 estavam em dia, 111 em atraso e 60 não responderam. A vacina contra febre amarela foi a que apresentou a menor cobertura entre os jovens. O desconhecimento sobre a imunização é grande entre adolescentes e seusresponsáveis. Conclusão: a cobertura vacinal dos adolescentes e o escasso conhecimento sobre as vacinas e doenças contra as quais protegem poderiam ser melhorados, seja pelo fornecimento de vacinas, como pela educação em saúde articulada com a escola.

Introduction: vaccination in adolescence has received growing scientific attention in recent years. This age group's vulnerability to a number of preventable diseases, including some STDs, has a relevant impact in morbimortality, and caused it to be included in the National Immunization Program (Programa Nacional de Imunização). Objective: to check the influence of vaccination in a Basic Health Unit (BHU), analyzing vaccinationrecords, data from the Ministry of Health, and the degree of knowledge demonstrated by adolescents and their guardians regarding these preventable diseases. Method: a household survey was carried out with a selected population of adolescents and/or their guardians, within the area covered by a BHU in northeastern region of Belo Horizonte - MG. Simple random sampling was the method used and the research was performed with 210 adolescents. Results: the main age group was 15-19 years (55.23%), corresponding to teenagers who answered the questionnaire. Guardians who participated totaled 149 respondents. Vaccine coverage established by the adolescents' personal vaccination cards showed that 39 were up to date with their schedules shots, 111 were behind and 60 did not respond. Yellow fever vaccine had the lowest coverage among youths. Lack of knowledge about immunization is highamong adolescents and their guardians. Conclusion: Among adolescents, vaccination coverage and knowledge about diseases and their corresponding vaccines should be improved, not only increasing vaccination but also through health education in schools.

Prediction of lethal pulmonary hypoplasia among high-risk fetuses via 2D and 3D ultrasonography.

OBJECTIVE: To compare accuracy between 3D and 2D ultrasonography for predicting lethal pulmonary hypoplasia (LPH) among high-risk fetuses. METHODS: In a cross-sectional prospective study at a fetal medicine referral center in Brazil, bilateral fetal lung scans were evaluated for 54 fetuses with suspected LPH between May 2008 and June 2011. Measurements for predicting LPH were ultrasonographic fetal lung volume/estimated fetal weight ratio (US-FLW), observed/expected thoracic circumference (o/e-TC), observed/expected thoracic circumference/abdominal circumference (o/e-TC/AC), observed/expected thoracic area/heart area (o/e-TA/HA), observed/expected amniotic fluid index (o/e-AFI), and observed/expected total fetal lung volume (o/e-Tot-FLV). To evaluate accuracy in predicting LPH, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated, and areas under the curves (AUCs) were compared. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess 3D lung volume reproducibility. RESULTS: Data were compared for 47 newborns, of whom 34 had LPH (perinatal mortality 74.5%). The AUCs for predicting LPH were 0.93, 0.69, 0.55, 0.46, 0.71, and 0.86 for US-FLW, o/e-TC, o/e-TC/AC, o/e-TA/HA, o/e-AFI, and o/e-Tot-FLV, respectively. No significant intraobserver difference was observed in measurements of the right (ICC, 0.973; P < 0.0001) or left (ICC, 0.950; P < 0.0001) lung volumes. CONCLUSION: Among high-risk fetuses, US-FLW by 2D/3D and o/e-Tot-FLV by 3D ultrasonography were more accurate than 2D parameters for predicting LPH.

Prenatal diagnosis of congenital syngnathia by 3D ultrasound and pathological correlation.

Congenital syngnathia is a maxillomandibular fusion, and it can vary in severity from single mucosal bands (synechiae) to complete bony fusion (synostosis). Cases of combinations of bony or soft tissue adhesions between the mandible and maxilla with cleft of the lip or palate, aglossia, popliteal pterygium, and van der Woude syndrome have been reported. It is a very rare condition, with only one case report of prenatal diagnosis using two-dimensional ultrasound in the literature. We present the first case of prenatal diagnosis of congenital syngnathia by three-dimensional ultrasound and the postnatal pathology correlation.

Avaliação do perfil biopsicossocial de mães adolescentes, da área de abrangência do Centro de Saúde Cachoeirinha, após o parto / Assessment of the bio-psychological, post-delivery profile of adolescent mothers within the reaches of a Public Health Center

Introdução: estudo proposto por alunos do Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho em Saúde (PET-SAÚDE) da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), linha de cuidados em saúde do adolescente. A adolescência caracteriza-se por profundas modificações que marcam a passagem da infância para a vida adulta. A gravidez nesse período os expõe a situações de vulnerabilidade, capaz de limitar projetos futuros. Objetivo: avaliar aspectos biopsicossociais associados à gravidez na adolescência. Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa com 23 adolescentes da área de abrangência de um Centro de Saúde de Belo Horizonte que tiveram seus partos entre janeiro/2009 e junho/2011. Convidadas a responder um questionário estruturado abordando escolaridade, trabalho, vida social, saúde e renda familiar, 14 aceitaram participar e assinaram o TCLE. Resultados: a idade média do parto foi de 17 anos. Nove tiveram menarca precoce e quatro tiveram início de atividade sexual precoce; sete usavam método contraceptivo quando engravidaram; 13 realizaram pré-natal; sete tiveram parto operatório; e dois tiveram neonato de baixo peso. Houve ampla adesão à amamentação. Três abandonaram os estudos para cuidar do filho e apenas uma estava trabalhando. Todas se consideravam responsáveis pelo cuidado com o filho, porém 11 necessitavam de apoio financeiro. Contudo, a maternidade foi percebida de forma positiva pela maioria, pois oito relataram mais satisfação com a vida após o parto. Conclusão: há contradição entre os dados e a percepção positiva da jovem em relação à sua vida. Isso alerta para a importância de expor situações reais a essas jovens, para que a gravidez seja uma escolha consciente...

Introduction: This is a study proposed by students within the Education Program for Health Work Force at the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), particularly within the domain of health care for adolescents. Adolescence is a period of deep changes that characterize the transition from childhood to adulthood. Pregnancy in this period exposes adolescents to a myriad of vulnerability situations that may frustrate their projects for the future. Objective: To assess the bio-psychosocial features associated with adolescent pregnancy. Methods: This is a qualitative study of 23 adolescents living within the reaches of a Public Health Center in the City of Belo Horizonte that had their babies from January 2009 through June 2011. They were invited to fill out a structured questionnaire approaching their education level, jobs, social life, health and family income, but only 14 of them accepted to participate and provide their informed consent. Results: The participants were in average 17 years old. Nine of them had early menarche, and four of them initiated their sexual activity very early; seven adolescents were using a contraceptive method when they got pregnant; 13 had prenatal care; seven had operative delivery; and two delivered underweight newborns. Most of them breastfed their infants. Only one was working, and three of them left school to take care of their children. All of them deemed themselves as responsible for taking care of the child, but eleven claimed to need financial support. Most of them had a positive conception of maternity, i.e. eight adolescents reported to feel more satisfied with their lives after than before having a baby. Conclusion: The data of the adolescents seems to be inconsistent with their positive perception of their lives. This is a warning of the importance of exposing the adolescents to real life situations that allow them to get pregnant as a result of a reflected choice...

Predictive factors of perinatal mortality in transfused fetuses due to maternal alloimmunization: what really matters?

INTRODUCTION: Alloimmunization is the main cause of fetal anemia. There are not many consistent analyses associating antenatal parameters to perinatal mortality in transfused fetuses due to maternal alloimmunization. The study aimed to determine the prognostic variables related to perinatal death. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cohort study analyzed 128 fetuses treated with intrauterine transfusion (IUT), until the early neonatal period. Perinatal mortality was associated with prognostic conditions related to prematurity, severity of fetal anemia and IUT procedure by univariated logistic regression. Multiple logistic regression was used to compute the odds ratio (OR) for adjusting the hemoglobin deficit at the last IUT, gestational age at birth, complications of IUT, antenatal corticosteroid and hydrops. RESULTS: Perinatal mortality rate found in this study was 18.1%. The hemoglobin deficit at the last IUT (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.04-1.53), gestational age at birth (OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.38-0.74) and the presence of transfusional complications (OR: 5.43, 95% CI: 142-20.76) were significant in predicting fetal death. CONCLUSION: Perinatal mortality prediction in transfused fetuses is not associated only to severity of anemia, but also to the risks of IUT and prematurity.

Antenatal ultrasonographic anteroposterior renal pelvis diameter measurement: is it a reliable way of defining fetal hydronephrosis?

Purpose. It was to quantify the intraobserver and interobserver variability of the sonographic measurements of renal pelvis and classify hydronephrosis severity. Methods. Two ultrasonographers evaluated 17 fetuses from 23 to 39 weeks of gestation. Renal pelvis APD were taken in 50 renal units. For intraobserver error, one of them performed three sequential measurements. The mean and standard deviation from the absolute and percentage differences between measurements were calculated. Bland-Altman plots were used to visually assess the relationship between the precision of repeated measurements. Hydronephrosis was classified as mild (5.0 to 9.9 mm), moderate (10.0 to 14.9 mm), or severe (≥15.0 mm). Interrater agreement were obtained using the Kappa index. Results. Absolute intraobserver variation in APD measurements was 5.2 ± 3.5%. Interobserver variation of ultrasonographers was 9.3 ± 9.7%. Neither intraobserver or interobserver error increased with increasing APD size. The overall percentage of agreement with the antenatal hydronephrosis diagnosis was 64%. Cohen's Kappa to hydronephrosis severity was 0.51 (95% CI, 0.33 to 0.69). Conclusion. Inter and intraobserver APD measurement errors were low in these group, but the agreement to hydronephrosis diagnosis and classification was fair. We suggest that standard and serial APD measurement can better define and evaluate fetal hydronephrosis.

Ophthalmic artery-resistive index and evidence of overperfusion-related encephalopathy in severe preeclampsia.

Neurological findings in preeclampsia fulfill diagnostic criteria of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), which is related to cerebral autoregulation impairment associated with high blood pressure. In preeclampsia, PRES may occur without a significant increase in blood pressure. Our aim was to investigate the association between ophthalmic artery resistive index (OARI) and clinical evidence of PRES, defined as the presence of headache and blurred vision, in patients with severe preeclampsia. OARI and main clinical and laboratory parameters were obtained in 112 patients with severe preeclampsia. Differences in these parameters were analyzed in the function of clinical evidence of PRES with a 2-sample t test. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve for each of these parameters in the function of clinical evidence of PRES was obtained. Logistic regression models were established with parameters categorized by cutoff points obtained in receiver operating characteristic curves. Among 112 patients with severe preeclampsia, 46 (41%) presented clinical evidence of PRES. These patients presented lower OARI (P<0.0001), higher mean blood pressure at admission (P<0.0001), higher mean blood pressure elevation after the first trimester (P<0.0001), and higher lactate dehydrogenase (P<0.0001) than those without clinical evidence of PRES. OARI presented an area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.810+/-0.039 (95% CI: 0.742 to 0.895; P<0.0001). OARI <0.56 was associated with clinical evidence of PRES, with an odds ratio of 12.67 (95% CI: 4.08 to 39.39; P<0.0001). Data suggest that OARI is a relevant biomarker of PRES in severe preeclampsia.

Hemorragia Pós-parto / Postpartum hemorrhage

A hemorragia pós-parto (HPP) constitui a complicação obstétrica com maior índice de mortalidade materna em todo o mundo. Até 90% desses óbitos podem ser evitados com cuidado médico adequado. Este trabalho objetiva a atualização da classificação e diagnóstico da HPP com o intuito de tornar o conhecimento adequado quanto às medidas preventivas e a instituição da terapêutica em tempo hábil e de forma eficaz.

The postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the obstetric complication with the largest maternal mortality rate all over the world. Motivated by the estimate that up to 90% of those deaths could be avoided by appropriate medical care, this work aims at supplying the professionals in charge of the attendance of the delivering women general knowledge on how to proceed before HPP situation, reducing the maternal morbimortality. It is a bibliographical revision accomplished by scientific articles obtained through searches in portals recognized in the academic-scientific group that approaches some of the definitions of PPH accepted currently, its classification and diagnosis. The knowledge of the risk factors makes possible to the assistance team to take preventive measures and to be prepared to institute the therapeutic measures, in case it is necessary, in skilled time and in an effective way. It is hoped that the correct intervention in the cases leads to a reduction of the maternal morbimortality due to that condition, something not just desirable, but feasible.

Hemorragia pós-parto por atonia uterina: relato de caso / Postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony: case report

A hemorragia pós-parto representa emergência obstétrica que surge em 4 a 6% dos partos, constituindo-se uma das principais causas de morte materna. No pós-parto imediato, as etiologias mais frequentes são: a atonia uterina, a presença de lacerações do canal de parto, a retenção de restos placentários e os distúrbios de coagulação. Este artigo apresenta o relato de uma paciente com hemorragia uterina no pós-parto imediato, submetida a histerectomia subtotal devido à atonia uterina refratária ao tratamento clínico.

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is an obstetric emergency that arises in 4 to 6% of births. It is a major cause of maternal morbidity. In the immediate postpartum period, the most common etiologies are: uterine atony; trauma-related bleeding due to lacerations of the birth canal, incisions or uterine rupture; retention of placenta remains; and coagulation disorders. This article is the case report of a patient with uterine bleeding in the immediate postpartum period, who underwent subtotal hysterectomy due to uterine atony not controlled with medical treatment.

Correlação entre medidas ultra-sonográficas do coração e o deficit de hemoglobina em fetos de gestantes aloimunizadas / Correlation between echographic cardiac measurements and hemoglobin deficit in fetus of red cell alloimmunized pregnancies

OBJETIVO: verificar a correlação entre as medidas ultra-sonográficas do coração fetal e o deficit de hemoglobina em fetos de gestantes aloimunizadas. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal, no qual foram incluídos 60 fetos de 56 mulheres aloimunizadas, com idade gestacional entre 21 e 35 semanas. Foram realizados 139 procedimentos. Antes da cordocentese para a coleta de sangue fetal, as medidas cardíacas e o comprimento do fêmur (CF) foram avaliados pela ultra-sonografia. O diâmetro biventricular externo (DBVE) foi obtido no final da diástole, com o cursor modo-M perpendicular ao septo interventricular, nas válvulas atrioventriculares, medindo-se a distância entre as partes externas dos epicárdios. A medida do diâmetro atrioventricular (DAV) foi obtida posicionando-se o mesmo cursor ao longo do septo interventricular, avaliando-se a distância entre a base e o ápice do coração. O CF foi determinado do trocanter maior à metáfise distal. Foi calculada a circunferência cardíaca (CC). Para ajustar as medidas cardíacas à idade gestacional, dividiu-se cada uma dessas medidas pela medida do CF. A concentração de hemoglobina foi determinada por espectrofotometria no sistema Hemocue®. O deficit de hemoglobina foi calculado baseado na curva de normalidade de Nicolaides. RESULTADOS: observaram-se correlações diretas e significativas entre as medidas cardíacas avaliadas e o deficit de hemoglobina. Para a predição das anemias moderada e grave, a sensibilidade e a especificidade encontradas foram, respectivamente, de 71,7 e 66,3 por cento para a razão DBVE e CF; 65,8 e 62,4 por cento para a DAV e CF e 73,7 e 60,4 por cento para a CC e CF. CONCLUSÕES: nos fetos de gestantes aloimunizadas, as medidas cardíacas ultra-sonográficas avaliadas correlacionam-se diretamente com o deficit de hemoglobina.

PURPOSE: to verify the correlation between ultrasonography heart measures and hemoglobin deficit in fetuses of alloimmunized pregnant women. METHODS: a transversal study, including 60 fetuses, with 21 to 35 weeks of gestational age, from 56 isoimmunized pregnant women. A number of 139 procedures were performed. Before cordocentesis for the collection of fetal blood, cardiac measures and femur length (FL) were assessed by ultrasonography. The external biventricular diameter (EBVD) was obtained by measuring the distance between the epicardic external parts at the end of the diastole, with the M-mode cursor perpendicular to the interventricular septum, in the atrioventricular valves. The measure of the atrioventricular diameter (AVD) was obtained by positioning the same cursor along the interventricular septum, evaluating the distance between the heart basis and apex. The FL was determined from the trochanter major to the distal metaphysis. The cardiac circumference (CC) was also calculated. To adjust the cardiac measure to the gestational age, each of these measures were divided by the FL measure. Hemoglobin concentration has been determined by spectrophotometry with the Hemocue® system. Hemoglobin deficit calculation was based in the Nicolaides's normality curve. RESULTS: direct and significant correlations were observed between the cardiac measures evaluated and the hemoglobin deficit. To predict moderate and severe anemia, the sensitivity and specificity found were 71.7 and 66.3 percent for EBVD and FL, 65.8 and 62.4 percent for AVD and FL, and 73.7 and 60.4 percent for CC and FL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: ultrasonography cardiac measures assessed from fetuses of isoimmunized pregnant women correlate directly with hemoglobin deficit.

[Correlation between echographic cardiac measurements and hemoglobin deficit in fetus of red cell alloimmunized pregnancies]. / Correlação entre medidas ultra-sonográficas do coração e o deficit de hemoglobina em fetos de gestantes aloimunizadas.

PURPOSE: to verify the correlation between ultrasonography heart measures and hemoglobin deficit in fetuses of alloimmunized pregnant women. METHODS: a transversal study, including 60 fetuses, with 21 to 35 weeks of gestational age, from 56 isoimmunized pregnant women. A number of 139 procedures were performed. Before cordocentesis for the collection of fetal blood, cardiac measures and femur length (FL) were assessed by ultrasonography. The external biventricular diameter (EBVD) was obtained by measuring the distance between the epicardic external parts at the end of the diastole, with the M-mode cursor perpendicular to the interventricular septum, in the atrioventricular valves. The measure of the atrioventricular diameter (AVD) was obtained by positioning the same cursor along the interventricular septum, evaluating the distance between the heart basis and apex. The FL was determined from the trochanter major to the distal metaphysis. The cardiac circumference (CC) was also calculated. To adjust the cardiac measure to the gestational age, each of these measures were divided by the FL measure. Hemoglobin concentration has been determined by spectrophotometry with the Hemocue system. Hemoglobin deficit calculation was based in the Nicolaides's normality curve. RESULTS: direct and significant correlations were observed between the cardiac measures evaluated and the hemoglobin deficit. To predict moderate and severe anemia, the sensitivity and specificity found were 71.7 and 66.3% for EBVD and FL, 65.8 and 62.4% for AVD and FL, and 73.7 and 60.4% for CC and FL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: ultrasonography cardiac measures assessed from fetuses of isoimmunized pregnant women correlate directly with hemoglobin deficit.

[Assessment of the correlation between hemoglobin concentration and the echographic measurement of biventricular outer diameter in anemic fetuses of isoimmunized women]. / Avaliar a correlação entre a concentração da hemoglobina e a medida ecográfica do diâmetro biventricular externo em fetos anêmicos de gestantes isoimunizadas.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether a significant correlation exists between the echographic measurement of biventricular outer diameter and the pretransfusional serum concentration of fetal hemoglobin and whether that echographic measurement can be used as a noninvasive marker of fetal anemia. METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out comprising 65 cordocenteses performed in 36 anemic fetuses of mothers with isoimmunization to the Rh antigen. The biventricular outer diameter (BOD) was obtained by M-mode evaluation. Previous to the transfusion, a 0.5-mL fetal blood sample was obtained for hemoglobin measurement with spectrophotometry in the Hemocue device. The minimum square regression was used with p < 0.05 and multivariate analysis were used as statistical analysis. RESULTS: An inverse correlation was observed between the fetal hemoglobin concentration before transfusion and the BOD measurement, and a direct correlation was observed between the BOD measurement and gestational age. In addition, multivariate analysis showed that fetal hemoglobin concentration decreases as BOD increases, independently of the influence of gestational age on that parameter. CONCLUSION: An inverse correlation exists between fetal hemoglobin concentration and BOD measurement, regardless of gestational age. The findings suggest that BOD may become an echographic predictor of the hemoglobin level of fetuses of isoimmunized pregnant women.

Avaliar a correlação entre a concentração da hemoglobina e a medida ecográfica do diâmetro biventricular externo em fetos anêmicos de gestantes isoimunizadas / Assessment of the correlation between hemoglobin concentration and the echographic measurement of biventricular outer diameter in anemic fetuses of isoimmunized women

OBJETIVO: Verificar se existe correlação significativa entre a medida ecográfica do diâmetro biventricular externo e a concentração sérica da hemoglobina fetal pré-transfusional e se essa medida ecográfica poderá vir a ser utilizada como marcador não invasivo da anemia fetal. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal prospectivo, no qual foram selecionadas 65 cordocenteses realizadas em 36 fetos anêmicos de mães portadoras de isoimunização pelo fator Rh. Obteve-se a medida do diâmetro biventricular externo (DBVE), por meio do modo M, utilizando-se aparelho de ultra-som convencional. Anterior à transfusão foi obtida amostra de 0,5ml de sangue fetal, para dosagem da hemoglobina, sendo a medida imediatamente realizada através de espectrofotometria, no equipamento Hemocue®. Como análise estatística foi utilizada a regressão dos mínimos quadrados, aceitando-se p<0,05 e análise multivariada. RESULTADOS: Foram observadas correlação inversa entre a concentração da hemoglobina no sangue fetal no momento prévio à transfusão e a medida do DBVE e correlação direta entre a medida do DBVE e a idade gestacional, e, também, através da análise multivariada que, à medida que a concentração de hemoglobina fetal cai, o DBVE aumenta, independentemente da influência da idade gestacional nesse parâmetro. CONCLUSAO: Existe correlação inversa entre a concentração da hemoglobina no sangue fetal e a medida do DBVE, independente da idade gestacional. Os achados sugerem que o DBVE poderá vir a ser um marcador ecográfico de predição do nível de hemoglobina de fetos de gestantes isoimunizadas.

Derivação vésico-amniótica no tratamento intra-uterino das uropatias obstrutivas: revisão e análise crítica da experiência de um Centro de Medicina Fetal / Vesicoamniotic shunt in the intrauterine treatment of obstructive uropathies: a review and critical analysis of the experience of the Fetal Medicine Center

OBJETIVO: avaliar a eficácia, a segurança e os benefícios do uso do cateter de derivação vésico-amniótico no tratamento intra-uterino das uropatias obstrutivas. MÉTODOS: análise retrospectiva dos registros de 35 fetos portadores de uropatia obstrutiva, acompanhados em um centro de Medicina Fetal, no período compreendido entre 1990 e 2004, tratados pela insersão do cateter de derivação vésico-amniótica. As pacientes consentiram em submeter-se ao procedimento. Os casos selecionados seguiram os seguintes critérios de inclusão: gestação única; idade gestacional até 32 semanas; ausência de outras malformações; cariótipo normal; ultra-sonografia mostrando lesão obstrutiva no trato urinário, bilateral ou unilateral com comprometimento do rim contralateral, caracterizando hidronefrose (diâmetro ântero-posterior da pelve maior que 10 mm), associada ou não a megaureter e megabexiga; oligoâmnio, dado por índice de líquido amniótico menor que 8; função renal normal, dada por critério ecográfico (aspecto dos rins à ecografia) e por estudo bioquímico da urina fetal (osmolaridade). Considerou-se normal a osmolaridade de até 210 mOsm como indicativo de função renal preservada. Após o nascimento foram acompanhados pelo setor de Nefrologia Pediátrica do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG. Os neomortos ou natimortos foram encaminhados para o setor de Anatomia Patológica. Foi realizada análise descritiva dos seguintes parâmetros: diagnóstico pré-natal da uropatia, idade gestacional à insersão do cateter, tempo de permanência do cateter, complicações pós-procedimento, mortalidade perinatal e sobrevida neonatal. RESULTADOS: a válvula de uretra posterior foi a uropatia mais freqüente (62,8 por cento). A idade gestacional média da insersão do cateter foi 26,1 semanas. O tempo médio de permanência do cateter após a colocação até o parto foi de 46 dias (variando entre um e 119 dias). Ocorreram 4 mortes fetais e 17 mortes neonatais (mortalidade perinatal de 60 por cento). A principal causa dos óbi...

Associação entre a antropometria e a leptina circulante nos compartimentos materno, fetal e placentário, na gravidez normal / Association between anthropometry and circulating leptin in maternal, fetal and placental compartments, in healthy pregnancy

Avaliar a importância da leptina materna e fetal circulantes na gestação saudável por meio da avaliação de sua associação com variáveis antropométricas materna, placentária e fetal ao nascimento e as relações entre os compartimentos avaliados. MÉTODOS: em estudo transversal foi incluída amostra de 33 gestações únicas, a termo, com fetos saudáveis. As variáveis avaliadas foram idade materna, peso materno, índice de massa corporal, peso do recém-nascido, peso placentário e índice placentário. Amostras de sangue materno foram obtidas imediatamente antes do parto e em sangue do cordão umbilical ao nascimento. A dosagem da leptina sérica foi realizada por meio de radioimunoensaio convencional. As relações entre as concentrações de leptina sérica materna e da artéria e veia umbilicais com as variáveis de estudo foram verificadas através da regressão linear. RESULTADOS: a leptina foi detectada no sangue de todas as 33 gestantes e seus respectivos recém-nascidos, sendo a concentração no sangue materno (17,1±1,77 ng/ml) superior à dos vasos umbilicais (veia 9,0±1,16 ng/mL; artéria 8,2±1,02 ng/mL), p<0,0001. As concentrações de leptina no sangue materno correlacionaram-se com as concentrações de leptina no sangue fetal (artéria: coef 0,63 p=0,037, veia: coef 0,72, p=0,006). Em relação aos dados antropométricos, a leptina medida no sangue materno mostrou associação com o índice de massa corporal materno inicial e final (coef 1,13; p=0,002 e coef 1,18, p=0,001) e os níveis de leptina no sangue de cordão apresentaram correlação com o peso fetal ao nascimento (veia: coef 0,007, p=0,02 e artéria: coef 0,006, p=0,02). CONCLUSÕES: as produções materna e fetal de leptina correlacionaram-se entre si e possivelmente respondem a estímulos semelhantes durante a gestação. A leptina sérica associou-se ao peso do compartimento onde circula